BSC2347 Human Anatomy and Physiology
II
Module 09 Case Study
Question 1
Samira
is a 26-year-old female with a history of intense dysmenorrhea. She experience
menarche at age 11. Her menstrual cycles average 25 days in length. She has a
BMI of 18. Her menstrual cycle pain had decreased over the last 3 years while
she was consistently taking birth control pills. However, she is now planning
her first pregnancy and has been off birth control for 6 months now. She has
yet to conceive, even though she and her partner have been carefully timing
intercourse and monitoring Samira?s fertility window each month. Her
dysmenorrhea has returned and she has developed menometrorrhagia, along with
other cyclical symptoms like diarrhea, bloating, and craving salty foods.
Samira?s physician is concerned that she may have
endometriosis. Briefly explain the pathophysiology of this condition.
Question 2
Which
of Samira?s symptoms is most likely NOT related to endometriosis?
Answers:
Craving salty food
Diarrhea
Dysmenorrhea
Bloating
Question 3
Why
would Samira?s dysmenorrhea symptoms decrease when taking birth control pills?!
Question 4
List
and briefly describe 3 risk factors Samira has for endometriosis.
Question 5
Aside
from the symptoms Samira has, which of the following symptoms is also likely
for women who experience endometriosis? (Select all that apply.)
Answers:
Fatigue
Pain with bowel
movements
Pain with intercourse
Increased likelihood of gonorrhea
Increased risk of genital warts
Question 6
Samira?s
physician wants to perform several tests to diagnose her condition. Which of
the following procedures would NOT be helpful in diagnosing endometriosis?
Answers:
Pap smear
Ultrasound
Pelvic exam
Laparoscopy
Question 7
If
Samira still wishes to become pregnant, which treatment option may decrease her
symptoms while allowing fertilization and implantation of an ovum?
Answers:
Progestin therapy
Depo-Provera
Estrogen-Progesterone patch
Conservative surgery
Question 8
List
and describe 3 lifestyle or at-home treatments that may help Samira reduce her
symptoms.
Question 9
Which
of the following statements is true?
Answers:
Women with endometriosis always have symptoms of the
disease, even if they are only mild symptoms.
Patients under 25 years of age with endometriosis are often
treated with surgical hysterectomy.
In endometriosis, endometrial tissue only grows on
reproductive organs and cannot affect other structures in the pelvic or
abdominal cavity.
About 1/3 of women
with endometriosis struggle with infertility.
Question 10
Which of the following statements is true?
Answers:
Genetics play no role in endometriosis.
Women who have
mothers, aunts, and sisters with endometriosis are more likely to develop the
condition themselves.
Endometriosis is typically diagnosed after menopause.
Exposure to estrogen through foods, medications, and other
environmental factors does not contribute to a woman?s risk of endometriosis.
Question 11
Donald
is a 62-year-old male who has been experiencing frequent urination and trouble
starting to urinate for several weeks. He has a family history of benign
prostatic hyperplasia. Donald?s BMI is 29, he occasionally drinks alcohol and
coffee, and his diet consists mainly of red meat, starches, and dairy
products. Just yesterday, he had an
episode of incontinence and decided to seek care immediately. Donald was
referred to an urologist who suspected that his prostate was the cause of his
urinary issues.
Which of the following conditions could be causing Donald?s
urinary symptoms? (Select all that apply.)
Answers:
Erectile dysfunction
Benign prostatic
hyperplasia
Prostate cancer
Urinary tract
infection
Question 12
Briefly
explain how Donald?s prostate could be related to his inability to urinate
normally.
Question 13
Which
of the following statements is true?
Answers:
BPH increases the risk of prostate cancer.
Prostate cancer is typically diagnosed in men under 40 years
of age.
Early prostate cancer
may cause no symptoms at all.
Both prostate cancer and BPH often cause radiating pain into
the lower extremities, bilaterally.
Question 14
Donald?s
urologist performs a digital rectal exam and finds the surface of the prostate
to be hard and many nodules are present. Based on these findings, which of the
following is most likely?
Answers:
BPH
Prostate cancer
UTI
Kidney stones
Question 15
Explain
what a prostate-specific antigen test is and how it could be helpful for
Donald.
Question 16
?Watchful
waiting? is a treatment approach commonly used in cases involving the prostate.
Explain what this means and why it is used.
Question 17
Medications
like alpha-blockers may help relieve Donald?s symptoms by:
Answers:
Relaxing the muscles
at the base of the bladder.
Increasing the amount of urine filtered through the kidneys.
Increasing blood pressure
Diluting the urine?s concentration
Question 18
Donald?s
physician recommends a surgery called ?transurethral resection of the
prostate?. Briefly describe how this procedure is performed. Be sure to use
anatomical terms.
Question 19
If
Donald is diagnosed with prostate cancer, his treatment will depend on the
stage of the cancer. Which of the following is true?
Answers:
Early stages of cancer are always metastatic.
Cancer staging is
measure by three factors- tumor size and location, lymph node involvement, and
metastasis.
Prostate cancer that involves lymph nodes is the earliest
stage of cancer.
Tumors that are classified as T1 always cause urinary
symptoms.
Question 20
Donald
is experiencing urinary symptoms, but prostate conditions can also interfere
with the male reproductive system. Which of the following statements is true?
Answers:
Donald should be worried about developing erectile
dysfunction, as it is a common side effect of prostate enlargement.
Prostate enlargement can impair a male?s ability to produce
sperm.
Some forms of
prostate enlargement, such as prostate cancer, can occlude the ejaculatory duct
and cause painful ejaculation.
Early stages of prostate cancer often occlude the
epididymis, blocking the transportation of sperm.